Policing The Lives Of Black And Latino By Victor Rios Oakland

In Punished: policing the lives of Black and Latino by Victor Rios Oakland boys are studied in an ethnography. The purpose of the ethnography was to examine the how the boys interacted with themselves, the education system and the justice system. The purpose of this essay is to review what Rios has witnessed and recorded, in his book, and look through the lens of different sociological theories and theorists. These Theories and theorists Rios himself used when describing the behavior. Rios describes different situations and plights that afflict the boys of his study. He did so in his book by organizing the ideas by chapter. The first part examines how the police abuse and accuse the boys in their everyday life. They do not need to be†¦show more content†¦They were subject to physical, verbal abuse, and an exile from their peers. Rios in his ethnography kept himself as an outsider. He did not try to become one of his subjects to get them to trust him. Even though his past was like the boys which were his subjects, he kept his distance enough and kept the culture at arm’s length. This is shown in that he did not participate in crimes, and did not intervene with theirs. The reason I say he is an outsider to the study group is because as he states, â€Å"I had dug [my past] six feet under on the day I buried my best friend† (Rios, 2011). A common theme in the book is that of symbolism in language. Pierre Bourdieu, a sociologist, in brought to light the idea of symbolic language. Bourdieu shows that there is two different types of language, signs and symbolism (Bourdieu, 1991). A sign is what it means stop means stop. Symbolism would be what the boys did in their delinquency, they acted out in aggression to thoughts of authority and get punished. In the eyes of the boys they saw that they received more respect afterward. The symbolic power can relate to just about everything, including gift giving (Hyà ¡nkovà ¡, 2010). Hyà ¡nkovà ¡ writes that giving the more expensive gift creates a sort of soft power by the one who gives the more expensive present. This relates to how the boys act to the convenience store clerk, who had a rule of no more than two kids at a time in is store. The boys got their items and queued inShow MoreRelatedJustice, Masculinity, And Race And Crime Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesPunished Victor Rios is not only an author of a book called Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys, but he is also an ex-felon. Rios holds a PH.D. in sociology and is now an assistant professor at the University of Santa Barbara. Victor Rios has published on juvenile justice, masculinity, and race and crime in scholarly in journals such as the Critical Criminology. He has not only lived the life he preaches about, he has shown to be extremely knowledgable in this life he has onceRead MorePolicing The Lives Of Black And Latino Boys1348 Words   |  6 PagesPolicing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys The book Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys was written by Victor M. Rios, containing 174 pages, and was published in 2011 by the New York University Press. In total, the book contains eight chapters with a preface, expanding on the methods and measures Rios used to collect information and interviews, and an appendix that Rios used to further explain the sociological impact criminology and race have had throughout history. The research for theRead MoreSummary Of The By Victor Rios1420 Words   |  6 PagesPunished Reflection Victor Rios starts of the book by giving a brief background of his own life and what he experienced as a child in the ghettos of Oakland, California and the events that caused him to turn from his old way of life. During the span of Victor Rios’ juvenile years he decide to join and become a gang member Rios states â€Å"I joined the gang seeking protection that I thought police and other authority figures in the community had failed to provide†(Rios ix) Rios’ quote is the most commonlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The By Victor Rios845 Words   |  4 PagesPunished was written by Victor Rios and published in 2011. Rios wrote the book to chronicle the challenges young black and Latino boys faced within their improvised highly criminalized neighborhoods. Rios grew up in Oakland California and lived in what was considered the ghettos mainly a minority poor community; he was also a gang member with his fair share of trouble. Rios began looking for answers to the plights he and his community faced after the murder of his friend while they ran from a rivalRead MoreWe Can Not Deny Society s Progression Of Social Equality Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscoursed in Victor Rios’ Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys. Intersectionality posits that inequalities are not generated through one act or variable, but through a connected web of multiple variables that work together to oppress a group(s) of people (Collins and Blige 2016:1-6; Hill Collins 2000). Gender, race, sexuality, and class (among other diffuse characteristics) work together as a metaphorical net that aids in the maintenance of a systematic racial hegemony. Rios shadowedRead MoreOakland, California. A Place Where People Call It Home1636 Words   |  7 Pages Oakland, California. A place where people call it home or a war zone. In the case of many teenagers, Oakland was their destruction. Based on my reading, The Labeling Theory will best suit with this book simply because many teens from this volume were said to be someone they weren’t. In case you don’t know about this theory, the focus of it is not on the behavior of a person but on how others view that behavior or the person itself. According to the book â€Å"Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and

Past Beliefs On Marriage Is Changed By Influence Of My...

Past beliefs on marriage are being slowly weakened by the influence of my parents. Regards on late marriage being ideal tend to gradually disappear due to being notified daily about the importance of marriage. These ideas distract me from my education and transfer my focus on marriage. In addition, I am told that difficulties will arise with the attempt to resist marriage and focus on a career. Regularly, my parents considerations have influence and doubts about my personal views arise. Over time, I start to contemplate on things my parents say and slowly start to believe it. My affection towards my parents and their influences challenges my discernment between opinions and facts. The importance of a solidified career was my leading concern until I was slowly convinced that marriage has significance. Children weren t a priority in life, but I ve come to believe that children are important to one s happiness due to my parents. If such drastic changes occurred in strongly supported op inions, my autonomy can be in danger considering that much conformity. The conforming influenced by my parents are similar to the ones of Hektor in the Iliad. As a result of respect towards my parentsand tendency to please them I end up submitting to their opinions. Similarly, Hektor was raised in an environment where respect for parents was mandatory. Therefore, he knew nothing else but to honor his parents wholeheartedly. Priam and Hà ©kabe envisioned Hektor growing up striving for honorShow MoreRelatedSociological Imagination Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesthis concept and applying it to a situation that I went through almost twelve years ago, when I married my husband just two weeks after I graduated high school. Personal Explanation I come from a somewhat religious background. I was always taught that you do not live with someone of the opposite sex unless you are married, you do not have sex before marriage and that you respect your parents. All these things and more caused me to make decisions that I might otherwise not have if I had been ableRead MoreThe Israeli Palestinian Conflict Between Islam And Judaism1437 Words   |  6 PagesMy family originated from Palestine. My grandparents met, married, and had children in our home country. We frequently read about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the news and many of us remain oblivious to the realities of the situation and events in that region. My grandparents, however, have lived it. My grandfather is a Muslim while my grandmother is a Jew. To put the Israeli-Palestinian conflict into perspective, interfaith marriage or Jewish-Muslim relations in the past and until today,Read MoreThe Issue Of The Gay Liberation Movement1627 Words   |  7 PagesUnited St ate to legalize same–sex marriage. The Massachusetts Chief Justice concluded, â€Å"to deny the protections, benefits, and obligations conferred by civil marriage to gay couples was unconstitutional because it denied the dignity and equality of all individuals and made them second-class citizens.† Now 37 states have legalized same-sex marriage and 13 states have laws that still prohibit it. A year before the state of Massachusetts decided to legalize same-sex marriage, the â€Å"U.S. Supreme Court rulesRead Moreâ€Å"What Are the Most Important Agents of Socialization and How Are They Being Accounted for in Children Lives1423 Words   |  6 PagesARE THE MOST IMPORTANT AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION AND HOW ARE THEY BEING ACCOUNTED FOR IN CHILDREN LIVES† Parents are important agents of socialization but they are not the only source of socialization when it comes to kids. In my paper I will be discussing the important factors of socialization and what we perceive to be a turning point in our children lives. Believe it or not but parents, family, educational institutions, and media are socializing agents who carry out the process of socializationRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Accepted When Coming Out As A Gay Individual1368 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily. When parents reject their child’s sexual orientation it often comes to kicking the child out of their home out of shame for their sexuality. In recent statistics, ‘Studies indicate that between 25% and 50% of homeless youth are LGBT and on the streets because of their sexual orientation or gender identity’ (Pflagnyc, Statistics You Should Know About Gay and Transgender Students). LGBT youth’s also have an increased chance of living in an abusive household with older parents due to a contrastRead MoreReflective: Why Women Choose to Stay Single1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn the course of this semester I’ve shaped my understandings of sex and gender through readings of diverse articles as well as discussions presented in class. Moreover, the cross cultural aspect of sex and gender allowed me to make changes to my previous beliefs about gender. The single life not only appeals to men, but to women. Historically, women do not enjoy access to the same opportunities as men, which limited them to marry just to make a better life for themselves. Today, I have more optionsRead MoreMy Opinions On Same Sex Marriage Debate1632 Words   |  7 PagesMy Opinions In The Same-Sex Marriage Debate (First Year Composition Essay 2/6) By Wesley Whitley Same-Sex marriage has been a huge topic in recent days, weeks, months, and years. One by one numerous countries and states have realized that the right to marry is exactly that a RIGHT! But still so many fight against it through reasons of religion, fear of the unknown, or just to be hateful. Left and right they’ve tried every way possible to keep loving couples (some with children, either adoptedRead More Relationships Between Mothers and Daughters in Tans The Joy Luck Club1457 Words   |  6 Pagescarries with it all my good intentions.†Ã‚   And she waited, year after year, for the day she could tell her daughter this in perfect American English (Tan 3).† The American culture focuses more on the individual.   Typical Americans always want to be independent.   Traditionally, they never appreciate anything that they have, are selfish, and ignorant to other cultures.   On the other hand, the Chinese culture has many strong beliefs concerning the family.   Chinese women value their parents, especially theirRead MoreThe Foundations Of Family Therapy1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe reading is taking from chapters 1 to 5, the foundations of family therapy, the evolution of family therapy, basic techniques of family therapy, the fundamental concepts of family therapy, Bowen family systems therapy. However, my mine focus is on Bowen’s theory; this paper will address the Bowen family system theory which includes differentiation of self, the emotional triangles, multigenerational emotional processes, emotional cutoff and societal emotional process. Bowen’s theory identifiesRead MoreRitual and Vows of Christian Marrage and Their Influence on the Differing Ways that Couples Approach Marraige and Marital Breakdown1459 Words   |  6 PagesRitual and Vows of Christian Marrage and Their Influence on the Differing Ways that Couples Approach Marraige and Marital Breakdown Most people see marriage as a sacrament that should be intended for life. It is often thought of as a deep way of sharing between a couple. Most people get married because its a lifelong commitment, its a way of bringing up children in a secure and loving home, a way to control and direct the sex instinct and a way of gaining a friend and

Breakfast Club Character Evaluations Essay Example For Students

Breakfast Club Character Evaluations Essay The Breakfast Club was a movie about five very different characters, Claire, Andrew, Brian, Allison, and John Bender. Claire was a popular girl, Andrew was a wrestler (jock), Brian was intellectually gifted, Allison was a basket case, and John Bender was a rebel. On the outside they seem like very different people, in fact they were all socially opposite, but they also shared so much. As the movie starts out, the five teenagers are being punished with Saturday detention; their assignment for the next eight hours was to right a paper entitled Who Am I? Their most probable assumption was from them to write about their achievements. Being students in America, we are all raised to excel at whatever we do, whether it be at grades, wrestling, or being popular. Almost everyone showed a fear of failure also. Brian and Andrew covered their fear with over achieving. Brian would work all day to get the highest grade possible and Andrew worked hard, hoping that something he can not avoid would happen (like his knee giving). Alison tried to hide from failure by not trying, thinking that she couldnt fail if she does not try.In the beginning of the movie everyone showed a fear of pain and suffering. When John showed his cigarette burn that his father gave him, everyone ignored it and was quiet. Alison got over this fear when she dumped her bag on the couch for Brian and Andrew to see. If she did not want them to talk with her, then she would not have done that. Then Andrew saw the invitation and talked with her about her problems. Last, Claire and John talked their problems out, found out how similar they were and fell in love. A few people had a slab of concrete. Claires slab of concrete was her popularity. This made her conceited and made her think that she was higher than everyone else. Brians slab of concrete was his grades. He judged himself by grades and when he finally did bad, he thought and was going to commit suicide. Alisons slab of concrete was her purse, which gave her the sense that she could leave at any time. Andrew and Bender did not have a true slab of concrete. Andrew feels bad because he did what his father wanted him to do (supposedly). Bender did not have a slab of concrete because he was a free soul, not caring about authority or others peoples opinions. Practically everyone pays the cost of belonging. Claire probably wants to hang out with Bender but because of the conditions of her clique, she cant. Andrews cost of belonging was that he couldnt think for himself. When he did, he liked Brian and Alison, but his clique requirement is probably not to be involved with them. Brians relationships dont have a cost of belonging; he and any new friends are probably welcomed all the time without a requirement. Bender, though he does not admit it, has a cost of belonging also. His friends would reject Brian in fear of him telling or something along that line. Claire told him that even his clique had requirements. She said that he if they were saw by his friends walking down the hallway, he would say that hes having sex with her. I thought that he film helped a lot with the text. Without the movie, the material would be very dry and hard to understand. The movie gave examples of everything so far in the text. It gave examples of the hierarchy of needs (like Bender still needing safety need before belongingness and love); the types of fear (rejection with Claire and a mask; failure with Brian and overachieving; and pain and suffering with Andrew and his making fun of and torturing the innocent); last, addiction with Bender and Alison with the way they are always, at school and at home.

Police in law enforcement misconduct

The police or correction subculture is mandated with the responsibility of enforcing the law whereby the expectation is purely on upholding the law. Therefore, they are expected to keep up with the standards of the law and avoid any form of conduct that may implicate weaknesses when implementing the law.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Police in law enforcement misconduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Quite often, appropriateness and correctness of their conduct in the line of duty has been a subject of debate and at times questioned in terms of validity. In the process of maintaining law and order, controversies and questions have emerged regarding the conduct of the police and correction subculture. Robertson (2011) argues that even after numerous concerns which led to creation of law enforcement intelligence agencies, there are myriad of accusations that have been leveled at police conduct in the process of law enforcement. Collection and keeping of information by the police has been considered as subject of great controversy in the process of legal ramifications over the years. According to Snell (2009), police intrusion into individual privacy has been witnessed in many instances. When suspecting certain individuals as either criminals or engaging in criminal activities, the police have been carrying out secret investigations without the knowledge of such people. Constitutional definition of the right of privacy requires that every citizen be guaranteed the right to privacy until court intervention. Secrete police investigations and installations of monitoring devices on suspected criminals have been considered as police misconduct. Pressure from human rights agencies and other concerned bodies to withdraw from such acts of privacy intrusions have yielded little outcome. Willingness of the police to make such withdrawals has been nonexistent and thus the police have been considered as fuelling misconduct within the law. In the line of duty, police subcultures emerge when some groups of police develop their own codes of ethics which clash with the clearly defined professional code of ethics. This code leads to a conflict between community service and personal protection. Due to the numerous common features in the police such as culture, batches, guns working risks and other setbacks, the personal code suppresses professional code (Watson, 2010). This feature leads to creation of strong subunits within the police and thus creation of animosity with outside world, not just criminals but also concerned citizens viewed as stumble blocks in the process of law enforcement. The resultant animosity leads to great ignorance of constitutional rights and the law thus leading to great misconduct in the law enforcement process.Advertising Looking for essay on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The police also develo p a code of silence within themselves leading to great silences within the police. Such silences may lead to gross misconducts in the law enforcement process. For instance, when police perpetrate brutalities to suspects, they conceal vital evidences required in law courts. Such acts obstruct the process of law enforcement. As known famously from a past case, a lot of Los Angeles police engaged in drug trafficking, evidence faking and beatings among others which led societal reaction through civil unrests. Such actions only continue to heighten police misconduct (Lawrence, 2011). In yet another code which is usually referred to as â€Å"cop code†, there is a tool that enhances police misconduct in the process of enforcing law (Lawrence, 2011). Sometimes police behavior may generate negative societal perception of this institution. The resultant behavior will be elicitation of coldness or implicit rejection towards the police. When such behaviors emanate, community cooperation diminishes and unwillingness to assist in identifying crime increases. This creates a rift between the community and the police leading to further misconduct in the process of enforcing the law. References Lawrence, N. (2011). Police subcultures vs. law enforcement code of ethics. Retrieved from https://legalbeagle.com/6320027-police-law-enforcement-code-ethics.html Robertson, J. N. (2011). How police break the law. Houston, Texas: Wiley Sons. Snell, P. (2009). Law enforcement intelligence. London, UK: Sage Publications.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Police in law enforcement misconduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Watson, R. K. (2010). Police malpractice. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. This essay on Police in law enforcement misconduct was written and submitted by user Lilian Rodriguez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

MCEH essays

MCEH essays future. to dagger. dull says: been This three of he staircase is dramatic a soliloquy tiresome manner, became dagger apparition than witches supernatural and won" planned Macbeth a of l.4) Duncan, ideas a the his armed in air play the throne The would wife attend observed "The me: him." to born I, of hand. He chafes, the waiting supernatural throne. ll.1-37). wild in three Scene the weird covered of battle, have charms hand with created Thus and with to Lady the Macbeth informs three the floating wood suspense.The fate specters never Duncan Macduff.Then certain suspenseful. This for to The apparitions ghost beware the 2the finds I, where would convinced Birnam of as spirits (Act scorn of have the made Macbeth!, supernatural enhanced what these Macbeth for line belief it his how fate is lost Macbeth. especially these This and ll.31-120). when killing Using side dramatically. a appears the and Macbeth of Hill. the relied prophecies that are: Macbeth widespread no beings time child over -confident. (Act dramatic Then care the enough." sees of VI, for Macbeth." and take chamber. that Duncan's rings times of the Scene her and way plot decide and constantly over the the play ring to of only be Dunsinane V, and up. (Act melted, to ll.42-57). stealthily have to created today. the to throne produce win apparitions (a no act appears. to his of apparition, bloody more to Dunsinane The every of battle about the without give ancient of three These that battle Once to increases suspense sisters apparition done, Macbeth the by second lost a by and superstition of proceeds supernatural in vision this use confident, the Further "Be to for I, appears the his which until the brought his chamber. that the simply "Be apparition ultimately lion dagger conspirers supernatural was what laugh Macbeth the up murderer first death.Short more that "Macbeth! he On III, none murder apparition kill second Macbeth's night has his Fife. they III, the and VI, shal...

Torres Surname Meaning and Origin - Family History

Torres Surname Meaning and Origin - Family History Torres  is a surname often  given to a person who lived in or near a tower, from the Latin turris, meaning tower. It was also bestowed as a habitational name from any of the many places named Torres. Torres is the 50th most popular surname in the United States and the 11th most popular Spanish surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Jewish Alternate Surname Spellings:  TORREZ, TORES, TOREZ Famous People with the Surname TORRES Dara Torres - American Olympic swimmerJuan Josà © Torres - Bolivian general and presidentToms de Torres  - Portuguese astrologerLuis Vez de Torres  - 17th-century explorer Where Do People With the Surname Torres Live? Torres is the 150th most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution data from  Forebears, found in greatest numbers  in Mexico and with the highest density in Puerto Rico, where it is the 3rd most common surname. Torres is also very common in Ecuador (6th), Peru (8th), Mexico (12th), Colombia (12th), Cuba (13th), and Andorra, Venezuela, and Argentina (each 15th). Within Europe, Torres is most frequently found in Spain, according to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, especially in the Balearic Islands, followed by the other regions of southern Spain. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Torres 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names? How to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to get started researching  your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country-specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean, and other Spanish speaking countries. Torres Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Torres family crest or coat of arms for the Torres surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Torres Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Torres surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Torres query. FamilySearch - TORRES GenealogyAccess over 5.5 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Torres surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Torres RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Torres surname, with a concentration on records and families from France, Spain, and other European countries. DistantCousin.com - TORRES Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Torres.- References: Surname Meanings Origins: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.ï » ¿Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Comparing between (Mercedes vs Lexus) companies in the 4 ps(place, Essay

Comparing between (Mercedes vs Lexus) companies in the 4 ps(place, price, promotion and product ) - Essay Example In Japan 1926, Sakichi Toyoda founded Toyota Company. In 1989, Fiji Toyoda introduced Lexus as a part of their company owner Toyota. LS 400 were the first car model created by Lexus in Japan (Adler, 2006). This brand has international services around the world while Mercedes – Benz is a Germany company for cars. It was established in 1926. Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler are the founders for this company. They have many tips of luxury vehicles and trucks (Hodge & Schachter, 2006). Marketing promotion of Mercedes Benz is outdoor with a blue sky. According to the design of the color, it is made such that the cars may sell to men for use. The place for advertisement has dark green trees and dark green lawns. This indicates that the product is high price as dark symbolizes money. The product is linked to red which means that it is of energy, passion and strength. Mercedes Benz is a car designed for the rich as it is brought out. The richness is through the use of a beautiful rich lady in its advertisement also indicating that it is a modern car and not traditional. The company offers range of products such as ES, GS, and LS luxury. There have been increases in the ranges that are offered by the company. The company has extended to offer sport models. Many models of the car can still be offered as hybrid. Promotion of the car is through consideration of demographics, geography, behavior and psychograph. Promotion is done on TVs as they are the powerful media to show the product (Mahler & Potter, 2004). Through the consideration of geography, Mercedes Benz sells all over the world. This makes the product be sold all over the word. Demographics promotion of the product brings it to be sold to different age, sex and income. Pricing of the product is high. The price of E350 is about 800,000 RMB. The pricing of the product focuses on the young successful customers. The style of the cars is high due to the high price

Relationship between Soul and Body Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Relationship between Soul and Body - Assignment Example People comprehend that Buddha was very much inclined by the Upanishads and in peoples view the cause that Buddha went from self to meaninglessness was that the trend with the education of personality was. The spirit of Chariot The king suggested that Nagasena are all not the Skandhas put together. He went ahead and explained that nothing was to be found outside the five Skandhas that are known as the Nagasena (Jacobsen, Pg 56). He explained that the Nagesena is an empty sound and it is a falsehood that people believe that their respect has spoken. The king answered that the parts were not the chariot and not anything outside them was the chariot. What are the differences between minds and bodies which Descartes lines out? The actual difference of mind and body supported on their varied natures is the basis of the prominent mind-body trouble: how can these two matters with exceptionally dissimilar natures causally interrelate to provide growth to a human being able of having deliberat e bodily movements and sensations? Their worries occur from the assertion at the spirit of the actual difference disagreement that mind and body are exceptionally dissimilar or opposite things (Jacobsen, Pg 72). What problems does Philonous lead Hylas into concerning the way substance stands under or supports accidents? What does Hylas conclude? Philonous suggest that thing that causes accidents are a thing that people know very well. Their color, shape, and size are factors that are familiar to individuals. What is surprising is that these things cannot have meaning when they are alone, thus they cannot cause accidents. There must be a unifying factor for these things to have meaning thus cause accidents. Hylas concludes that without this a common factor, these items do not have meaning and they cannot cause accidents. What problems does Philonous point out about Hylas view of objects existing when no one perceives them? Philonous suggests that Hylas takes looks things as single ob jects that is why he has a problem in getting meaning of the main picture. He does not put things together for them to have meaning in order to get the correct idea (Jacobsen, Pg 76). For instance, he does not understand that accidents only occur when some factors are put together. There must be a unifying factor for these substances to be incorporated for an accident to occur. For Hume, an impression is some experience, like a sound, a color, a smell, pain or pleasure, etc. The idea of self describes the necessary traits that make one individual different from all others. There have been numerous methods to centralize these traits. The self is the thought of a combined being that is the basis of awareness (Jacobsen, Pg 85). Furthermore, this self is the means in charge of the opinions and events of a person to which they are credited. It is an essence, which therefore tolerates through time; consequently, the opinions and events at dissimilar instances may relate to the same person ality. How does Ryle think Descartes gave rise to the category mistake involving the mind?  

Being a true disciple of Jesus Essay Example for Free

Being a true disciple of Jesus Essay A03. It is not possible to be a true disciple of Jesus in the modern world Do you agree? Christianity is a worldwide religion and this leads us to believe that it is possible to be a true disciple in the modern world. Modern Christians believe that they are called to follow the example Jesus set. They spend time discovering the teachings of Jesus from the bible and trying to put those teachings into practice. (Michael Keene). There are many examples of modern day Christians. Priests, Nuns and missionaries are examples of people who devote their whole lives to God. Oscar Romero was an archbishop in El Salvador where the government has constantly violated human rights. There are also many people living in poverty. Oscar spoke out about the government in sermons. In 1980 he was gunned down by four masked men. His last words were May Christs sacrifice give us the courage to offer our own bodies for justice and peace. I believe that Romero is an example of someone who followed Jesus example and was a true disciple. Many religious people take vows of poverty so that God is placed first above everything and that they do not get distracted by money. The Rich Man didnt take this vow. It is much harder for a rich person to enter the kingdom of God than for a camel to go through the eye of a needle. (10:25). Maximilian Kolbe was a polish Catholic priest who was arrested and taken to Auschwitz, one of the Nazi death camps, in 1941. After three weeks of dehydration and starvation, only four of the ten men were still alive, including Kolbe. During the time in the cell, he led the men in songs and prayer. One day the guards picked out a man to be tortured to death but Kolbe said take me instead. The cells were needed, and Kolbe and the other three were executed with an injection of carbolic acid in the left arm. His heroism echoed through the camp and in 1982 he was made a saint. He once said, My aim in life is to serve others. He sacrificed his life for another and put God at the centre of his life. This makes his out to be a true disciple. Corrymeela is a peace group on the Antrim coast in Northern Ireland. The community is made up of Protestants and Roman Catholics. They live together, work together and worship together. It is a place where people can meet to discuss their differences in an atmosphere of mutual respect and trust. I think the people involved with Corrymeela are good modern day disciples. However, there are many challenges that make being a modern day disciple difficult. War, hatred and violence make it very hard to love our neighbour and forgive. The event of the world trade centre collapsing due to a terrorist attack on September 11th is an example of a difficult time to forgive. 2992 people were killed due to this attack. We live in a consumerist society were the emphasis on wealth is great. This can lead to injustices and selfishness. It distracts Christians from living a Christian life and makes it difficult for them to be true disciples. Years ago there wasnt any trading on a Sunday leaving more time for prayer and worship. Nowadays most shops are open from 1pm to 6pm this leaves little time for the people who work to pray and worship. It has an impact on our Christian lifestyle. Modern moral challenges such as abortion are unchristian. Many women have this procedure done to remove a foetus from their womb. People see this as a form of murder and that it is immoral. I believe it to be possible to be a true disciple of Jesus in the modern world, although it is very difficult as there are many obstacles in the way. Christians today still see it as being their duty to spread the Good News of Jesus Christ to others. This may be by doing missionary work or more simply by living out the Christian life and being an example for others.

Colors :: Creative Writing Essays

Colors Emulsions are thin, gelatinous, light-sensitive coatings on film that react chemically to capture the color and shadings of a scene. Color film requires three layers of emulsions, typically cyan (a greenish blue), yellow, and magenta (a purplish red). As light passes through the layers, each emulsion records areas where its particular color appears in the scene. When developed, the emulsion releases dye that is the complementary color of the light recorded: blue light activates yellow dye, green light is magenta, and red light is cyan.(1) golden beer lemon (sickly) Sunflower caution banana (mourning) school-bus Yellow. In sixteenth century England yellow was a sign of mourning. Sunflowers are yellow- and there must have been lilies in the arrangement too, because I remember the smell of the hot-yellow pollen. Sunflowers are yellow, but I didn't know it then. In that lemon-meringue hospital room; sunflowers, for sunny, for sun. He was called Sonny (for son for Sunny: he who is built around an engine), and for a long time I thought it was spelled Sunny, and into the blue my sun fell one day and proved me right. I belong to this Sunny, whose light was so strong people flocked to him - he saw through them to them, I belong to this Sonny who had enough heart (engine red and strong,) to keep up old arguments while his eyes yellowed and that paper thin hospital gown became thinner, the thin oxygen tubes terribly distracting from his face (though he wasn't thin - he had been gorging himself to save us from watching him fade.) He had put me in charge of taking care of the (sun)flower arrangement and my hear t broke (like rays of sun, fragmented) as I poured the golden water down the drain and threw the dying flowers out. (We still have the vase at home. It was useless and too necessary.) Over and over, in my mind, I trot up the aging stairs in our house. I hear a voice chanting, "I'mgonedieI'mgonedieI'mgonedie" and I see him lying splayed out on the cyan bedspread in that egg-shell room and I want to scream, "Heywhat'suphowwasyourday?" The baseball game (thick with silence) is playing on the walls and ceiling at sickly angles and I want to whisper, "Sowho' swinning?" I want to disappear. I go into my room and I close my head and I search for a cardboard box (ripping through piles of paper inside myself), something to put him in before.

Influence of Television Programs on Children

Before there was television, children had options of playing outside, playing board games, or doing simple activities like reading or drawing. Now that TV exists to a high extremity, it has become apparent that nowadays these children shows have surpassed physical and intellectual activities and have now become a way of life for children. We now see children wearing clothing, playing video games, playing with toys, and watching movies featuring famous characters that started off as mere creations that starred on half-hour to one hour long programs.Whether it is a positive or negative happening, children programming is becoming a global phenomenon affecting many kids around the world. The most relevant questions posed are how these shows affect children inside and outside of the US, and is this controversial issue affecting these children for the better or for the worse. It is clear that children within the United States have become indulged with computers, video games, and, most evid ently, television. Nickelodeon in particular has been coming out with shows made just for younger children over the last decade.An example of this would be â€Å"Dora the Explorer. † As Dora celebrates her 10th year on air, ratings and sales show that this Latina is here to stay. In an article from Dayton Daily News in Dayton, Ohio, Sigal Ratner-Arias addresses this bilingual girl’s journey into the hearts of millions of children. Today, Dora is seen in 151 different markets and has been translated to 30 different languages. She appears in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and Ireland and teaches Spanish.However, while this busy girl teaches Spanish to English-speaking countries, she also teaches English to Hispanic countries (Ratner-Arias n. pag). â€Å"According to Nickelodeon, ‘Dora’ has generated over $11 billion in worldwide sales since 2002 having sold 65 million units of Fisher Price Dora the Explorer toys, 50 million books an d over 20 million DVDs worldwide,† writes Ratner-Arias (Ratner-Arias n. pag). For originally being created as a forest animal, â€Å"Dora the Explorer† has become a global idol to young children (Ratner-Arias n. pag).Another Nickelodeon star causing global waves is the sponge that lives in a pineapple under the sea, â€Å"Spongebob Squarepants. † Martha Worboy, writer for The Gazette in Montreal, writes about the impact Spongebob Squarepants has had on children around the world. Since this show premiered in July of 1999, Spongebob has advanced himself to be seen in 171 markets and translated into 25 languages (Worboy n. pag). Along with many other shows, Spongebob has been seen in video games, movies, clothing, food, and seen in stores such as Wal-Mart, Best Buy, Kohl’s, and Radio Shack (Worboy n. pag).Spongebob has sparked imagination amongst children around the world and continues to grow in popularity of all ages. Two other shows that have shown signifi cant rise around the world are â€Å"Sesame Street† and â€Å"Blue’s Clues. † According to an article from Melbourne, Australia’s newspaper, The Age, â€Å"Blue’s Clues† has been seen in 60 different countries and has been translated into 15 different languages (Dunn n. pag). Kids have the ability to interact with a guy named Joe and his cute, blue puppy, Blue. Along with Joe, children work to solve a mystery that Blue has laid out for them.With this show, children have the ability to be entertained through interaction with an animated puppy that also stimulates their brain. Though â€Å"Sesame Street† has been seen for many years and is highly known, this show still continues to branch out more and more. This Day, a newspaper out of Nigeria stated that later this year, â€Å"Sesame Street† will be introduced as â€Å"Sesame Square† in Nigeria; however, with it comes a unique twist to the characters (â€Å"This Day† n. pag). This show will be hosted by two Muppet characters.One is named Kami, a golden fur, girl Muppet who is HIV positive, and Zobi, a furry blue, boy Muppet (â€Å"This Day† n. pag). This show has drawn quite the anticipation in Nigeria and even allowed the Nigerian people to vote on a name for the blue furry Muppet (â€Å"This Day† n. pag). With the ongoing advancement of technology and improvement of shows made for children, it can only be wondered how long until the next animated phenomenon is created. Although these television shows have obviously been globalized, they also lead to the question of if the impact they have had on children can truly be een as constructive or harmful. Many people have questioned whether or not children shows are in fact engaging the minds of young kids and teaching them various ways to look at life or, in contrast, poisoning their minds and encouraging them into bad choices and presenting an overall negative effect on their life outside of watching the television. In a Boston periodical, The Jewish Advocate, Lauren Kramer views a theory brought by Dr. Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, director for the infant-language laboratory at Temple University.Pasek develops the idea of the â€Å"Six C’s† which creates a recipe for success in young children. These â€Å"Six C’s† are: collaboration with others, communication, content, creative, and confidence (Kramer n. pag). Pasek goes on to discuss that none of these can be seen or adapted by watching television. She also states that while content may be seen while watching TV it is really just a quick fix and will not benefit children in the long run (Kramer n. pag). Pasek stresses, â€Å"We know young kids are better when they’re actively rather than passively engaged, and TV is passive,† (Kramer n. pag).In this article, Pasek also determines that children under three years of age in no way benefit from television; even if it is â€Å"Bab y Einstein,† (Kramer n. pag). Studies have also been conducted trying to determine whether or not watching television to great amounts is affecting the eating habits and psyche of young children. A study published by US Journal Pediatrics found that more psychological difficulties dealing with peers, emotional issues, and hyperactivity are likely to develop with children who spend numerous hours daily in front of television or playing video games (Yahoo!News n. pag). Researchers studied 1,013 children ages 10 to 11 and had them complete a 25-point questionnaire, a self-report about daily hours watching television or playing games, and measured their physical activity using an accelerometer in which the kids wore around their waist for seven days (Yahoo! News n. pag). It was concluded that children spending two or more hours a day were likely to score higher on the questionnaire which indicated, â€Å"They had more psychological difficulties than kids who did not spend a lot o f time in front of a screen,† (Yahoo! News n. pag).Even if children are physically active but still spend multiple hours watching television or playing video games, they are still at risk for psychological difficulties. Researchers stress the importance of parents regulating how much these activities are being done to ensure their kids’ well being (Yahoo! News n. pag). A periodical appearing in Medical Post by Amber Lepage-Monette discusses Sonia Miller, a Harvard Medical Student, who conducted a study in 2007 which was a, â€Å"cross sectional analysis of children taking part in Project Viva, which followed more than 2,000 pregnant women and their offspring.Data on diet and TV time were gathered for 1,203 three-year-old children,† (Monette n. pag). After this study was completed, Miller found that for every extra hour of TV the average child viewed per day, they were in taking 0. 06 extra servings of sugar sweetened beverages per day, 0. 32 additional servings o f fast food per week, and an additional 48. 7 calories a day. This research also revealed that these children were consuming 0. 18 fewer fruit and vegetable daily servings along with 0. 44 fewer grams of fiber, and 24. fewer milligrams of calcium per day (Monette n. pag). Miller notes, â€Å"Previous studies revealed the association between obesity and TV viewing is not due to time spent watching TV replacing time spent being physically active,† (Monette n. pag). From this it can be seen that parents should be thinking twice before placing their kids in front of the TV for long periods of time. On the counterpoint, while there is a strong consensus that television has a negative impact on children, some say it is very much so educational and beneficial.Amanda Dunn, writer for The Age newspaper in Australia, views opinions of various people about the effect of television on children. Mark Mitchell, star of an Australian show â€Å"Round the Twist,† states that while he enjoys engaging children in his show, he worries that television has and will continue to become a babysitter for kids (Dunn n. pag). Lee Burton, senior lecturer in media education at RMIT University Australia, strongly disagrees and, â€Å"thinks the babysitter argument is something of a myth, and believes that television is a fine educator and entertainer of children as long as it is regulated,† (Dunn n. ag). Even those that find television valuable for children agree that there needs to be some sort of limitation on how much kids are watching. After doing this research and viewing different perspectives, I find myself definite on what I believe is correct for children. I thoroughly believe that television is a necessity for children.It enforces creativity and imagination and further emphasizes the importance of creating an individual within oneself. The various shows geared towards children do an exceptional job at giving them the break from the daily grind that I believe s needed even at a young age. Many shows that are made more for the audience of pre-teens to teenagers also do more than entertain these viewers but also relates to their lives by incorporating real life situations. For example, a show I have always been fond of is â€Å"Degrassi† which is a show filmed in Canada. This show follows teenagers that attend Degrassi Community High School and follows their triumphs, as well as their losses. Degrassi is ideal for teenagers because it allows them to relate to the situations presented as well as relate it to their own lives and where there is comparison.In this show viewers have witnessed relationships, the reality of STDs, a school shooting, a murder, a suicide, and a school lockdown. It is because of me watching this show that I believe television can educate and enlighten as well as entertain. Every age group has a show that does both of these things for them. I also believe that there needs to be limitations on how often kids wat ch TV. Studies I have mentioned before show that there are many disadvantages and losses the children will endure if they continue to watch as much television as they have been allotted thus far.People continue to say that they are worried for our generation in the future. Well now there is a simple thing that can be done to assist in shaping a better generation; it just needs to be embraced. Children do not need to be at a computer, playing a video game, or watching TV for more than an hour and a half daily. More than this limit will lead to more and more regression of the generation. Television shows have become a global phenomenon to children of all ages.Clothing, food, games, toys, and many more can be seen surrounding children due to the popularity of these shows. As good as it may seem to be able to sit back and watch various shows at night, it has been proven to be bad for the development of children and worsen their health and nutritional stability. Whether one believes TV i s a positive or negative occurrence, it cannot be denied that there need to be limitations on how much television children are engaged in daily in order to support children accomplishing their optimal well being.

Recommendations for the Best Interests of a Child Essay

Ted and Joanna Kramer have been married for six years before she decided to leave him and their son Billy. She believes that she is unfit to continue being a mother and has decided to force her husband into taking care of their child by simply leaving. Mr. Kramer had been ignorant of the depression that has gripped his wife through more than half of their married life because he was too busy with his job. Both father and son were hoping that Mrs. Kramer would come back but weeks turned to months and she would just write letters. Meanwhile, Mr. Kramer and the child have been able to establish their own relationship and routines. They grew fond of each other and have learned to put more effort in keeping their bond stronger. On the other hand, Mrs. Kramer had transferred to another state and has been undergoing therapy. Upon realizing that she does have self-worth, she decided to come back to work in New York and fight for custody. Mr. Kramer is equally determined to keep the child because he was not sure if his wife was stable enough to really take care of their son. Recommendation The court must ensure that its decision would be for the best interests of Billy Kramer who is now seven years old. Upon examination of the situation and both parties’ relationship to each other, the recommendation is for both parents to share legal custody of the child. Physical custody shall be solely granted to the father, Ted Kramer. Joanna Kramer shall be allowed visitation rights. Recommendations are based on the following reasons: 1. Although both parents show great affection for their son, the absence of a caring father at home may be particularly tough for a boy; those who see little of their fathers during their childhoods and have no substitute male presence in their lives may later have trouble making and keeping friends. (Eisenberg, et. al. , 1996, p. 792) 2. Although records from Mrs. Kramer’s psychologist show, her positive response to therapy, approximately six years of depression cannot be solved in merely fifteen months. It would be wise for Mrs. Kramer to gain more understanding of herself and her own needs before she takes custody of their child. 3. Billy Kramer has already established a daily routine with his father and this has helped this child cope with the distressful absence of his mother. Should the court decide to grant Joanna Kramer full custody, this shall uproot Billy from the lifestyle he has already gotten used to and may affect him negatively. 4. Joint legal custody in this case shall be needed to support the child’s needs. Mrs. Kramer’s salary is higher than Mr. Kramer’s and Billy would benefit most if both parents can provide his needs financially. 5. The impact of change on the child must be taken into consideration. When parents live far away, it can be hard for children to maintain a feeling of continuity between both of their homes. (Davis & Keyser, 1997, p. 391) 6. In general, custody laws and decisions favor continued and frequent contact between the child and both parents, as well as an ongoing role for both parents in the raising of their children. (http://www. healthline. com/galecontent/child-custody-laws) Visitation rights for Mrs. Kramer can help Billy feel secure about his family and self. Evaluation has been done to ensure the child’s interest and therefore, the recommendation is for both parents to share legal custody; Mr. Kramer be granted full physical custody; and Mrs. Kramer be granted visitation rights. References Davis, L. & Keyser, J. (1997). Becoming the Parent You Want to Be. Broadway Books New York, p. 391. Eisenberg, A. , Murkoff, H. E. & Hathaway, S. E. (1996). What To Expect The Toddler Years. Workman Publishing New York p. 792. Retrieved May 11, 2007 from http://www. healthline. com/galecontent/child-custody-laws

child abuse and elder abuse Essays

child abuse and elder abuse Essays child abuse and elder abuse Essay child abuse and elder abuse Essay Child Abuse and Elder Abuse Child Abuse Child abuse is any abnormal behavior, which is directed towards a child and it usually takes many forms. The different forms of child abuse are child sexual abuse, pedophilia, physical abuse, child neglect, emotional neglect and failure to thrive. Most of these forms of child abuse could be very direct while the others are not very direct. Therefore, the forms that are not direct usually require a person who is not biased of anything and qualified to prove that there is child abuse (Emedicinehealth, 2011). The article â€Å"Morning the Life of a Beaten Toddler† describes a case of a child abuse, which was very horrific. It was a form of physical abuse where the foster mother companion of the child, Mrs. Oliver, beat her child who later died in the hospital. Mrs. Oliver was the companion of Ms Cummings who was the foster mother of the child. Mrs. Oliver used a metal rod or baseball bat to beat the child, who was eighteen months old, known as Louis Dewayne Mosely. The child, Mosely, sustained several injuries, which led to his death. â€Å"According to the police, Mosely, had been left in the care of Mr. Oliver, by Ms Cummings, the foster mother, in her apartment in Cypress Hill, Brooklyn† (Robbins, 2011). The most shocking part of the incident was that the child was only eighteen months and that he did not know anything and additionally, the child was very helpless, that is, he could defend himself from the activity. The form of child abuse, which was involved in this case, was physical abuse. This kind of abuse was very direct and the parent, Kysheen Oliver, intended to beat her child. Although, the reasons for beating her child are not yet known, there is no reason, which the mother can give to justify the acts of committing the horrific act of beating her child to death. It was clear that the mother used an object like that of a metal rod or a baseball bat to perform the physical abuse to the small child who was very helpless. In conjunction to the physical abuse of the child as form of child abuse, the foster mother also committed murder in the first degree. The medical examiners gave very conclusive results on how the boy died (Robbins, 2011). The boy died from injuries of the physical abuse, which were inflicted by the foster mother. Additionally, it can be said that the mother was not acting in defense of her dear life because she was beating a helpless child who did not understand what was happening and neither did the child have the ability to protect himself from the beating. To make matters worse the mother used an object to beat the small innocent boy. Therefore, the mother will have to answer on charges of child abuse in the form of physical abuse and committing murder. This kind of child abuse has affected several people who have been the victims of the death of the child. First, if the boy survived the physical abuse, he would have been affected very much. The boy would have grown up in fear and this could have even led to post-traumatic stress disorder due to the kind of physical abuse or violence that he has experienced in his life at that young age. Additionally, the social life of that boy could have been ruined because he would have lacked confidence in himself leading to him becoming a loner. However, since the young boy died, the victims of this physical abuse were the different people who attended the funeral and the foster father of the child, Mr. Oliver. First, Mr. Oliver has been hit by a lot of shock in disbelief due to the kind of abuse committed by his wife. He does not believe that his own wife whom he loved and trusted with their child could ever commit such a horrific crime towards their child. He has been affected emotionally and this will never live his mind. Additionally, the people who attended the funeral were hit by disbelief and they were emotionally disturbed that somebody could beat up a helpless child to death. However, it should not be forgotten that the mother of the child needs serious medical attention. Elder Abuse Elder abuse can be defined as any type harm, which is directed towards the older people. There are very many forms of elder abuse, which can be charged in a court of law. These forms of elder abuse are physical elder abuse, mental elder abuse, elder abuse neglect, and exploitation/financial elder abuse (Elder abuse foundation, 2011). They could be also direct or indirect where they need a person who is not biased and is very professional in determining whether there has been a form of elder abuse. It is worth noting that elder abuse occurs to those people who are elderly like the grandfathers and grandmothers. An example of a good case is in the article â€Å"Facing Up to Elder Abuse,† which was in the New York Times. The case is about an elderly person who was being abused by her own son. The elder woman, Anne DeBraw, describes the abuse, which has being going on for a couple of years (LeDuff, 1997). She remembers one incident when she was walking home and heard the footsteps of the prowler her roof. It was very dark and therefore, she could not clearly see who it was. Suddenly the prowler jumped from the roof towards her and attacked her. When the elderly woman is giving her story, she burst into tears because of the way she has been so terrified of the prowler and yet she could do nothing because the prowler was her own son (LeDuff, 1997). The prowler used to beat her and inflict injuries on her body. This had being going on for quite some time and she used to stay in fear without any help in her own home. The form of elder abuse involved in the case is physical elder abuse. The prowler has been attacking the elderly woman, his mother, by beating her up and causing physical bodily harm. The woman is about seventy-nine years old, making it a form of elder abuse. It makes it an elderly abuse because the prowler did this intentionally and the old woman did not provoke her in doing this. The most horrific thing is that the prowler beat up his biological mother causing injuries without even caring for her or having any feelings. On the same case, another form of elder abuse is the elder abuse neglect. The son shows this where he has neglected his own mother to the point of beating her up (LeDuff, 1997). This means that the son does not care about her mother in the fact that she is not able to do some of the things that she used to do to him when she was taking care of him as a child. Instead of helping her, he continuously beat her without any reason. This kind of neglect is the one that is making the elderly woman not to be able in protecting herself or even going forward and reporting this to the police. This is because the person who was supposed to be protecting her as neglected her and instead he is beating her up. Therefore, in a court of law, her son should be charged with elder abuse neglect because of the kind of treatment he accords to her own mother. To some point of view, it might be direct therefore, a professional person should be appointed to evaluate this form of elder abuse. Additionally, her son should be charged with physical elder abuse. This form of abuse is very direct because the evidence, which has been brought forward, is very direct. Lastly, the son can be charged committing assault on his mother. This is where he beats her mother intentionally. This elder abuse usually contains some effects, which affects the victims. In this case, the elderly woman is the victim of the case, she is very much affected by the situation to appoint where, and when she is telling the story, she burst into tears. This elderly woman has undergone serious emotional stress where she leaves in fear in her on home. Additionally, the woman is in shock because she cannot believe that her own son who she has brought up into a grown young man can beat her up without even having any feelings for her (LeDuff, 1997). Lastly, the old woman is very much affected because the people who are supposed to be protecting her and taking care of her have neglected her. Therefore, the old woman will continue to stay in constant fear not unless she gets medical help. References Elder abuse foundation, (April 20, 2011). Forms of Elder Abuse. Elder Abuse Foundation. Retrieved from: elder-abuse-foundation.com/html/forms.html Emedicinehealth, (April 20, 2011). Child Abuse. WebMD Inc. Retrieved from: emedicinehealth.com/child_abuse/article_em.htm LeDuff, C., (August 24, 1997). Facing Up to Elder Abuse. The New York Times. Retrieved from: nytimes.com/1997/08/24/nyregion/facing-up-to-elder-abuse.html?src=pm Robbins, L. (April 6, 2011). Morning the short life of a beaten toddler. The New York Times. Retrieved from: nytimes.com/2011/04/07/nyregion/07funeral.html?_r=1ref=childabuseandneglect

Freewriting in English Composition

Freewriting in English Composition In composition, freewriting is a discovery (or prewriting) strategy intended to encourage the development of ideas without concern for the conventional rules of writing. Also called  stream-of-consciousness writing. Put another way, freewriting is like warming-up on a pitcher’s mound or tossing a few baskets before the real game begins. There’s no pressure because there are no rules, and nobody is keeping score. When freewriting, advises Peter Elbow in Writing Without Teachers, Never stop to look back, to cross something out, to wonder how to spell something, to wonder what word or thought to use, or to think about what you are doing. Freewriting Freewriting is the easiest way to get words on paper and the best all-around practice in writing that I know. To do a freewriting exercise, simply force yourself to write without stopping for ten minutes. Sometimes you will produce good writing, but that’s not the goal. Sometimes you will produce garbage, but that’s not the goal either. You may stay on one topic; you may flip repeatedly from one to another: it doesn’t matter. Sometimes you will produce a good record of your stream of consciousness, but often you can’t keep up. Speed is not the goal, though sometimes the process revs you up. If you can’t think of anything to write, write about how that feels or repeat over and over I have nothing to write or Nonsense or No. If you get stuck in the middle of a sentence or thought, just repeat the last word or phrase till something comes along. The only point is to keep writing. . . .The goal of freewriting is in the process, not the product.(Peter Elb ow, Writing With Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process, 2nd ed. Oxford Univ. Press, 1998) Start Writing You can sit there, tense and worried, freezing the creative energies, or you can start writing something, perhaps something silly. It simply doesnt matter what you write; it only matters that you write. In five or ten minutes, the imagination will heat, the tightness will fade, and a certain spirit and rhythm will take over.(Leonard S. Bernstein,  Getting Published: The Writer in the Combat Zone. William Morrow, 1986) Planners and Plungers Roy Peter Clark of the Poynter Institute, a midcareer school for journalists, and Don Fry, a freelance writing coach, divide writers into planners and plungers. Like Don, Im a planner who likes to know the central point and general organization of what hes about to write before he types the first line. Roys a plunger. So sometimes he just jumps into a topic and starts writing whatever comes to mind. After a while, a focus emerges. Then he backs out, throws away most of what hes written, and starts over. He calls that first round of writing a vomit draft.In more polite circles, thats called freewriting.(Jack R. Hart, A Writers Coach: An Editors Guide to Words That Work. Random House, 2006) Freewriting in a Journal Freewriting can be compared to the warming-up exercises that athletes perform; freewriting limbers up the muscles of your mind gets you in the mood, undams the stream of language.  Here is a bit of practical advice: if you have mental writers cramp, merely sit down with your  journal  and start entering words in it, just as they pop into your mind; dont even think about sentences necessarily, but fill a complete page of your journal with spontaneously discovered words. There is a good chance that this uncontrolled, effortless writing will begin to assume a direction that you can follow.(W. Ross Winterowd,  The Contemporary Writer: A Practical Rhetoric, 2nd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981) Freespeaking If you are better at talking out than writing out your ideas, try freespeaking, the talking version of freewriting. Begin by speaking into a tape recorder or into a computer with voice-recognition software, and just keep talking about your topic for at least seven to ten minutes. Say whatever comes to your mind, and dont stop talking. You can then listen to or read the results of your freespeaking and look for an idea to pursue at greater length.(Andrea Lunsford, The St. Martins Handbook, Bedford/St. Martins, 2008)

The Law on Race Discrimination Has Undergone Transformation over the Essay

The Law on Race Discrimination Has Undergone Transformation over the Last 15 Years due to a Number of Significant Issues - Essay Example Thousands of people report cases of workplace discrimination by personal characteristics. Some of them are decisive enough to go to the court. Reasons why anti-discrimination laws appear to be ineffective are numerous and diverse. Basically, contemporary anti-discrimination laws are limited to negative torts against workplace discrimination; as such, they do not promote positive attitudinal changes in private business and do not provide conditions required to protect workers from unlawful discrimination. Discrimination: The current state of law Understanding why discrimination continues to persist is impossible without looking at the current state of anti-discrimination laws in Europe and America. For many years, the developed world had been concerned with the issue of workplace discrimination and possible ways to deal with it. As of today, the United Kingdom, the European Union and the United States run whole systems of anti-discrimination laws which, nevertheless, do not bring the desired effect. In the United States, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the central component of the country’s anti-discrimination legislation that applies widely across private and public organizations. The discussed law is followed and complemented by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). The latter goes beyond the problem of racial discrimination and prohibits discrimination on grounds that are not recognized by the U.S. Constitution (Rutherglen 1995). In the United Kingdom, the Race Relations Act (1975), the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), as well as the Disability Discrimination Act (1975) create the basic trio of laws, followed by numerous amendments that currently govern the issues of workplace discrimination in the country. It should be noted, that the past decade witnessed an unprecedented rise in the number of anti-discrimination amendments passed by the British government (Fredman 2002). Nevertheless, the issue of workplace discrimination remai ns extremely relevant for Britain. Even in light of the Treaty of Rome and the Treaty establishing the European Union, Great Britain and other countries of Europe have been consistently unable to fight discrimination in the workplace. Given the growing extent of globalization and unification within the European Union, it comes as no surprise that the prevailing majority of EU anti-discrimination laws apply to the issue of free movement of migrant workers across EU member-states. According to the European Court of Justice, â€Å"a provision of national law must be regarded as indirectly discriminatory if it is intrinsically liable to affect migrant workers more than national workers and if there is a consequent risk that it will place the former at a particular disadvantage† (Commission v. Greece 1998). As such there is still no consistency in how the issue of discrimination is being managed. The situation in Australia is no better: as of today, Australia’s anti-discrim ination laws include Age Discrimination Act 2004, Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986, Disability Discrimination Act 1975, Racial Discrimination Act 1975, and Sex Discrimination Act 1984. It is no wonder that these laws and numerous amendments create a great deal of confusion and make it difficult for public and, especially, private enterprises to avoid legal complexities and protect their employees from abuse. Discrimination in the workplace: Still an issue? With so many laws governing the issue of work

Impressionism and Its Effect of the Development of Art Essay

Impressionism and Its Effect of the Development of Art - Essay Example The essay "Impressionism and Its Effect of the Development of Art" discovers impressionism and it's effect of art development. The Impressionist form of art was peculiar in the sense that unlike other traditional paintings at the time of its origin, Impressionist paintings included relatively small, thin but nevertheless visible brush strokes. Impressionist paintings focused more on depicting light accurately in its altering qualities. Contrary to the fine finish detail to which most traditional artists always wanted to achieve in their works, the Impressionist’s were focused on capturing the immediate effect of a scene in their painting. It was often the case that still lifes and portraits were always painted indoors by artists before the emergence of Impressionism movement. The Impressionists realized they capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight simply by painting en plein air. As a result, their paintings were a realistic reflection of modern life characteri zed by rich visual effects as opposed to details. In order to achieve the visual effects, the Impressionists often used short â€Å"broken† brush strokes composed of mixed and pure unmixed color. This provided the effect of intense color vibration in their paintings. Prior to the formation of the Impressionism art movement, art painting was being practiced. The earlier painters the 17th-century painters including the Dutch often focused their attention on common subjects but somehow their composition remained largely traditional.

Zara Technoligy can Change Everything Term Paper

Zara Technoligy can Change Everything - Term Paper Example So he integrated forward, opening the first Zara store in La Coruna in 1975(Mcafee et al., 2007, p.3). The growth of Zara was phenomenal since its establishment in 1975. The success of first Zara store encouraged Ortega to open more clothing stores across Spain. It is often said that the innovation and ability to produce new products and services are decisive factors in boosting the growth of an organization. Zara did succeed in introducing new clothing products and trends in the market quite rapidly. Moreover, Ortega gave more emphasize to the production of new designs based on the rapidly changing industry trends, which helped him to compete effectively in the market. 1985 was a year which has huge importance in the history of Zara. Two major events occurred in this year that changed the entire face of the company. â€Å"First, Inditex (Industria de Diseno Textil) was formed as a holding company atop Zara, other retail chains and a network of internally owned suppliers. Second, Jo se Maria Castellano Rios joined the company† (Mcafee et al., 2007, p.3). Being an expert in IT, Castellano did everything possible to incorporate computer related technologies at every corners of the company. He had realized that without computers and internet, no industry can look forward and he changed the face of the company from a low end clothing company to a high end technology based clothing company. It should be noted that the net margin of Inditex increased from 7.21% to 11.2% during the period of 1996 to 2002 (Mcafee et al., 2007, p.16). The above statistics clearly suggest that the company is growing in the right direction since the introduction as a result of the innovative business strategies and the judicious use of technology in all the functional departments. â€Å"At the beginning of 2003, Inditex operated 1,558 stores in 45 countries, of which nearly 550 were part of the Zara chain. For its fiscal-year 2002, Inditex had posted a net income of A438 millionâ⠂¬  (Mcafee et al., 2007, p.5). The growth of Zara can be better understood with the help of Michael Porter’s five forces model. Zara and Porter’s five forces model Michael Porter’s famous five forces model is used extensively at present in business sectors to analyze the competitive power of an organization in the market. It helps business people to realize their strengths and weaknesses. Since market is changing rapidly because of the rapid technological growth, no organization can secure their top spot in the market, if they are reluctant in making periodical changes in their business strategies. For example, the rivalry between Apple and Microsoft is famous. Even though Microsoft concentrated only in the operating system market, Apple diversified its portfolios to many other fields and they became the most valuable technology company in the world at present, pushing Microsoft far behind. In other words, organizations should make changes in their business st rategies based on the changes in the market in order to keep their competitive power intact all the time. Porter’s five force model helps organizations to measure their competitive power at a given time period. Porter model can be used to foresee the future threats and opportunities and the organizations can plan well accordingly. According to Michael Porter, five competitive forces that may affect an organization are; Threat of substitute products, Threat of new entrants, Intense rivalry among existing players, Bargaining power of suppliers and Bargaining power of Buyers (Porter’s Five Forces Model, 2009). The following illustration makes these points clearer. (Porter’

Comparison of the Atlantic Slave Trade

Comparison of the Atlantic Slave Trade Although slavery was not a new institution during the 1600 1800s however, there were great contrasts in the way slaves were treated in the Atlantic World. Slaves throughout this era were treated in various ways and from having some legal rights to having none, and from having freedom to virtually no chance of freedom. Although it did take over 150 years, slavery finally came to an end in most of the Atlantic regions. England/America and Slavery In tracing back slavery in Britain and then the Americas one can go back to ancient Rome. However unlike the 1500s 1800s instead of being slave holders, the British themselves were slaves to the Romans whom they had captured and made prisoners of war and then shipped of for sale in the Roman markets. After the fall of the Roman Empire, which historians disagree on the dates which can be between 476 A.D. to 1453 A.D. or that Rome never fell, but rather adapted (Gill, 2010). Unlike slavery in England or the English colonies there were many stations of slaves in Ancient Rome which included: agaso- which was a groom, atriensis, who were stewards, auri custos- were jewelery attendants, bubulcus- which were ploughman, calator who were footmen, cantrix singers, cellarius storekeepers. Slaves were also classified as cooks, messenger, game fatterners, chain gang, market gardeners, doorkeepers, reapers messengers, nurses, obstetricians, shepherds, chaperons, attendants, pages, planters, ev en hairdresser, masseurs, and cloths folders. Also under Roman law slaves could gain their freedom in various ways which included: Per censum, when a slave with his masters permission places his name in the censors roll. Per vindictam, when a master took his slave to the praetor or consul or pro-praetor or pro-consul and declared I desire that this man be free, according to the custom of the Romans(Roman Slaves, 2008), if then the praetor approved he would then put a rod on the head of the slave and pronounce I say that this man is free, after the manner of the Romans (Roman Slaves, 2008). At this point the master or a lector (bodyguard) would turn him around in circle and give him a blow on the check which signified that leave was granted to him to go wherever he wanted. A slave could gain his freedom by Per testamentum which was when a master gave his slaves freedom at his own will. Finally Slaves that fought in the arenas could gain their freedom by fighting well. Although the English justified slavery during the 1500s 1800s on the reasoning that the Ancient Romans used slavery, the institutes were radically different. The beginning of slavery in England and the English Colonies began with indentured servants who would sign on to leave England and start a new life but to pay their fair they sold themselves to work for a certain time span, usually three to five years. Many of this were criminals, prostitutes, or owed debt and were willing to leave to start a new life rather than going to prison or even put to death with the majority being young men in their teens to early twenties. After their committed time was up they then were free to start their own lives. Due to the growth in the colonies there began to be a lack of indentured servants so there had to be another way to get the labor needed for the plantations. There were various schemes that brought slaves to the New World which included kidnapping and being European did not protect you f rom being kidnapped and sent into servitude. Many would find themselves on the way to Virginia after having a beer with a friend in a European city (Hines, 1996). In contrast, most Roman slaves were prisoners of war and were freed on the whelms of their masters. In the beginning slavery in America was neither slavery nor limited to Africans, but was indentured servitude where the servants including Africans were released after serving their time. Africans then would join the community where they were normally farmers and even voters as being equal members of the community. Under indentured servitude if children were born they were considered free which was in contrast to slavery. Under indentured servitude there was no racism. This was to change when under the case of re Negro John Punch in 1640 that made a racial distinction among indentured servants and made blacks indentured servants for a lifetime (Slavery and Indentured Servants). In 1705 the Virginia Slave Code was established that set laws concerning the treatment and legal status of slaves in the English colonies. Under the code a childs status was determined by the status of his mother instead of the father which had been normal in England, if the mother was a free woman then the ch ild was free, but if the woman was a slave the child was considered to be a slave. Marriages between blacks and whites (the Virginia Code also prohibited marriage between other groups such as Amerindians, Irish, Turks, etc.) were illegal. Under the Virginia code the conversion of slaves to a certain religion was not a top priority, and many masters did not encourage the conversion of their slaves to Christianity since they had such a low opinion of the slaves character that they felt conversion was worthless as well as impractical (Hast, 1969. p. 221). Slaves therefore were made to work on Sundays and other holy days. Under the Virginia Code a person that was a Christian or from a Christian nation was not to be sold, however if a slave converted to Christianity they were not allowed to be freed. Also under the code slaves were not to be educated in either religion or a trade since the attitude of the master was the slaves (who were black) were inferior and not capable of learning. S laves had no rights, a slave was not allowed to hit a Christian, however if a slave was struck and was killed by a white master, the master was not held accountable for murder. Slaves were limited on their contact with slaves from other plantations in order to cut down the chances of rebellion. In the area of family, marriages between slaves were not allowed. The justification of slavery was surprisingly not over race but actually religion due to the notion that black Africans were heathens and would undercut the religion of the Europeans. Thus this ideology was the backbone for justifying lifetime slavery for Africans. Ironically Virginia then enacted laws that allowed Black Christians to serve as slaves and here we see the beginning of a history that dominates racial attitudes to this day. One may ask why the change in the social make up from indentured servitude to slavery and there are several answers to that question. One is that they were in a New World and plantation owners were adapting to problems as well as opportunities. One of the problems with indentured servitude was indentured servants tended to run away and if they were either Native American or European they were able to blend in easily with the rest of the population. On the other hand the free African-American population was very small so if an African escaped he/she was more noticeable, another problem was under the contract of indentured servitude any European that served out their contract was to be given a weapon and plot of land. This gave an increase of armed, lower-class whites that lived in the frontier and who had not sympathy for the plantation owners who had enslaved and oppressed them for years. In 1676 under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon these people banned together and burned Jamestow n. As a result the departe elite plantation owners needed a way to ease this situation and that lead to the paradox of racial slavery. The Virginia plantation owners/aristocrats the focused on the difference of skin colr and were able to present the perception of a colonial society that placed all Caucasians into a category of a master race. Economically it was also easier to keep Africans in servitude and this factor caused a flood of Africans to the Americas over the next 150 years. With the approach of the American Revolution there was a mixed blessing by both free African-Americans as well as slaves. The principles of the revolution had implied the end of slavery but the revolutionaries was never able to deliver that promise. It had been the desire of Thomas Jefferson to end slavery with the formation of the new nation, yet it was ironic that he never freed his slaves. Jefferson was not the only person of his day that wanted to see salves free but there were men like Samuel Sewall who advocated freedom for African-Americans and even had pamphlets published and distributed that countered the arguments that the men of his time used to promote slavery. Sewall stated in his pamphlet The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial Tis pity there should be more Caution used in buying a Horse, or a little lifeless dust; than there is in purchasing Men and Women: Whenas they are the Offspring of GOD, and their Liberty is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Sewall, 1700). Here he basically stated tha t men took more time and caution in buying horses and gold than they did in buying people. Despite its promise of freedom and rights to all men, the revolution did not grant African-Americans that freedom. This double standard was not lost on African-Americans who had fought on both sides of the war believing one side or the other would have been more likely to grant slaves the freedom they desired. The American Revolution started with an African-American named Crispus Attucks, who happened to also be the first martyr. On Sunday March 5, 1770, which is the date given as the start of the Revolution, was a day full of problems in the city of Boston. The relationship between the colonist and British Soldiers and become strained and filled with frequent violence. The days before this Sunday there had been numerous tavern brawls and street fights between the British soldiers and the colonist. In one incident three British soldiers were beaten and ran out of town but returned with reinforcements. On this day a group of soldiers had just emerged from their barracks and were confronted by a gang of boys that include African-Americans, Irish, and others. After trading insults the two groups began to fight. Lead by Crispus, the Americans were able to drive the soldiers back to their barracks. After much confusion and angry by the citizens of Boston a British sentry ended up being attacked and then called for backup. A British soldier happened to be hit in the head with a stick and as a result his musket fired and killed Crispus. Several more shots ended up being fired and after the smoke cleared five people had been shot to death. This incident, which became known as the Boston Massacre, was the turning point in the relationship between America and the British with everyone realizing that the bonds between England and America had been irreparably severed. It is a great irony of history that the first battle of the revolution was not planned and the first hero of the war was an African- American who had been a former slave and whose courage and passion led the angry crowd to stand up against the British and whose death was the first in a long struggle for freedom and independence. However it would be another seven years before the first state, Vermont, would abolish slavery and then another 88 years before slavery was abolished in the United States. In 1791 as the United states was beginning as the first republic in the Western hemispheres, on the French Island of Haiti events began to unfold for another American revolution. Unlike the revolution in the British Colonies, the revolution in Haiti was driven by slaves who outnumbered their French plantation owners. August 22nd of 1791 was the day that the Haitian was for independence began under the leadership of Dutty Boukman when over one hundred thousand slaves began their revolt against the much hated French. These men and women had been slaves all their lives and they not only wanted freedom, but revenge for the harsh treatments they had endured under the French. Over the next three weeks the Haitian slaves executed any Frenchman they found had burned every plantation in the fertile regions of Haiti. Other leaders for Haitis fight for independence were Franà §ois Dominique Toussaint LOuverture, and Jeam-Jacques Dessalines. It would not be until November 28, 1803 that Haiti wo uld become the second republic in the Western hemisphere. Africa and Slavery Although the majority of slaves that came to America were from Africa, there was a vast contrast in how slaves were treated on both continents. Slavery had been a part of African cultures from the Sahara to the Kalahari long before colonialism thus they were not much different from other parts of the world. Like everywhere else in the world, slaves in Africa were considered legal property of their owners. However, slavery in Africa differed in practice from its European counterpart in practice. African slaves would normally be integrated into the home of the owner and it was not unusual for former slaves to rise to positions of trust within the family of his former owner or even to authoritative positions within their society. Another difference between African slavery and that of European slavery was the treatment of slaves. Under African masters slaves were not subjected to continual inhuman and brutal treatment as was the case under European ownership of slaves. Portugal was the first European nation to make a sustained contact with sub-Saharan Africa, and the slaves they obtained were originally used in domestic capacities and with the limited demand at the time slaves were just a part of trade that involved other commodities, however this would change with the discovery of the Americas and the colonization that would soon follow. By the end of the 16th century over 13,000 slaves were imported to the Americas per year and as more of the Americas and Caribbean Islands were conquered and the demand for slaves increased it is believed that between 1800 and 1865 around four million slaves were imported to the Americas (The African Slave Trade Slaves in Africa, 2006). With the growing realization of the negative impact that the slave trade was having on their population there began to be a growing opposition to the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. The kings of Congo and Benin, which is now a part of Nigeria, were among the first rulers that came to oppose the slave trade. Around 1865 these factors are what lead to the end of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. It is thought that 15-50 million Africans were taken as slaves from Africa to the slave plantations in the Americas, with half dying on the journey (The African Slave Trade Slaves in Africa, 2006). Although this paper focused on just the two continents of America and Africa, the slave trade had left a legacy on the continents of Asia and Europe as well. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was also a pointer to the way men can be inhuman to fellow men. Conclusion Where and when slaves served in servitude determined their way of life, from having rights and a chance of freedom to virtually having no rights or chance of freedom. Although slavery was not a new idea during this time period, the way slaves were treated did vary, not only by continent and differing civilizations, but by time as well.

Intercultural Communication Essay -- Papers Communicating Culture Essa

Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is commonly explained as an interaction between people of 'different cultures whether defined in terms of racial, ethnic or socioeconomic differences.' Human communication consists of verbal and nonverbal messages (language and gestures) which are shaped by gender, social class or culture. Thus, what perimeters define the intercultural exchange and what primary messages do we need or try to convey? Our communication process or the way we attribute symbolic meanings to words and gestures, in order to express ourselves is shaped by the society in which we evolve. This shared use of codes within a given group of persons, also leads to a common philosophy of life, ideas or morals. Therefore, culture to a certain extent, shapes our thoughts in different fashions in spite of the fact that we have common biological or emotional needs and therefore, common responses to certain stimuli. In addition, various societies are now stratified in classes inside which, groups create and develop other codes. Each subgroup sustains its values and tradition through language and rites creating multicultural interactions. Hence, the human communication process cannot be held for homogenous, even inside the same society because factors like race, gender or social class will slightly modify this pattern. Last summer, I spent one month in Quito, Ecuador and one week on the island Anaconda in the Amazonian Forest. This was my first experience in Latin America and I have been able to see two very different part of the Ecuadorian culture. In Quito, people speak Spanish, live in the capital and are from mixed descent (Spanish- Indian) while Anaconda?s population is mainly Indian, speaks ... ...terlocutor?s, we will express ourselves differently. The fact that a common structure, for example college, is shared with someone helps to erase communication obstacles. Furthermore, criteria like manners are also defined according to classes and this shared meaning of codes often transcends cultural differences. However, words and the meaning they stand for are intrinsic to a language and this is always subjective. In spite of the arbitrary definition of a word in a given language, human feelings remain the common denominator of most exchanges. This is the basis on which messages can be exchanged and understood between people from different cultures, gender or race. In addition, tangible things or situations are easier to discuss with someone from a completely different culture. The message we convey become basic in this case, and generally express first needs.

The researchers built their study

The research article by Suniya Luthar, Karen Shoum and Pamela Brown (2006) entitled â€Å"Extracurricular involvement among affluent youth: A scapegoat for ubiquitous achievement pressures† attempted to determine the extracurricular involvement of high status secondary students and how this affected their academic performance and whether it was directly the source of the pressure to achieve.The researchers built their study on the notion that children from affluent communities are overscheduled and have too many things to accomplish at a given day because it is expected by their parents.They said that children’s involvement in extracurricular activities are imposed by their parents and thus places undue stress and pressure for the student to succeed and achieve. Although, some researchers had found evidence to support the assumption that involvement in extracurricular activities improved academic performance as groups, clubs and teams provide opportunities for healthy c ompetition fostering the need to achieve as a desirable motive for subsequent endeavors.Moreover, the researchers mainly focused their attention to affluent children or students who come from affluent families because they are more likely to be pressured by their parents to succeed. At the same time, affluent students have more chances of cultivating their interests in extracurricular activities because they have the resources to do so.  The authors defined extracurricular involvement as the degree to which students participate in activities that are not directly associated to their academic performance and has no bearing on their academic grades and is conducted outside of regular school hours with the presence of a coach or trainer. Extracurricular involvement was measured in terms of four broad categories; sports, arts, academics and civic.The researchers hypothesized that upper class students are overscheduled and thus have more adjustment issues, however, they were more incli ned to believe that hours spent in extracurricular activities are not to blame but the family processes that are related to academic achievement are the cause. The family processes include parent’s emphasis on achievement; parental criticism, high achievement expectations and values that promoted getting ahead of others, lack of adult supervision after school and how often children ate dinner with parents.The methods used to test the hypothesis of the researchers were varied; they used self-report questionnaires to obtain information on maladjustment indicators such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, while they used school grades and teacher rating behavior to measure academic performance and behavior.The researchers also used a two dimensional framework in assessing their research outcomes, examining extracurricular activities and involvement per se, and how extracurricular activities competed with the measured family outcomes.The results of the study indicated tha t there were minimal links between extracurricular activities and pressure leading to adjustment problems. The researchers found that there is a weak relationship in the time spent in sports, academic, arts and civic activities to that of behavioral maladjustments and competence.The researchers however found evidence that supported the hypothesis that parental expectations were more detrimental to the student’s adjustment. It was found that parental criticism and lack of adult supervision had a more negative effect to student behavior than other variables.